General Pathology I

### SCHOOL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE - DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL SCIENCES **BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH (REGULAR)** --- **UNIT CODE:** BPA1201/BPA3101**UNIT TITLE:** GENERAL PATHOLOGY I**DATE:** TUESDAY 19TH APRIL, 2022 - 2:00 PM**EXAM TYPE:** MAIN EXAM**TIME:** 2 HOURS --- ## INSTRUCTIONS - THIS PAPER HAS THREE SECTIONS - ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS - DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE QUESTION PAPER --- ## SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS **CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER TO EACH QUESTION** ### **Question 1** Name the response that best categorizes cells: - a) Labile cells - b) Stable cells - c) Permanent cells - d) Semi permeable cells - e) A, B, and C **Answer: e) A, B, and C****Explanation:** Cells are categorized into three types based on their proliferative capacity: labile cells (continuously dividing), stable cells (divide when stimulated), and permanent cells (non-dividing post-mitotic cells). --- ### **Question 2** All the granulomatous diseases EXCEPT: - a) Tuberculosis - b) Sarcoidosis - c) Schistosomiasis - d) Syphilis - e) Asthma **Answer: e) Asthma****Explanation:** Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by eosinophilia and smooth muscle hypertrophy, not granulomatous inflammation. The others all cause granulomatous reactions. --- ### **Question 3** The following are chemical mediators of chronic inflammation EXCEPT: - a) Leukotrienes - b) Complement proteins - c) Interleukins - d) Cytokines - e) Hormones **Answer: e) Hormones****Explanation:** While hormones can modulate inflammatory responses, they are not considered primary chemical mediators of chronic inflammation. Leukotrienes, complement, interleukins, and cytokines are key inflammatory mediators. --- ### **Question 4** The most important cell in chronic inflammation is: - a) Macrophages - b) Monocyte - c) Lymphocyte - d) Fibroblast - e) Smooth Muscle Cell **Answer: a) Macrophages****Explanation:** Macrophages are the hallmark cells of chronic inflammation, responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators and growth factors. --- ### **Question 5** The following are causes of pathological atrophy EXCEPT: - a) Reduced nervous supply - b) Ischaemia - c) Malnutrition - d) Muscle disease - e) None of the above **Answer: e) None of the above****Explanation:** All listed options (denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, and muscle disease) are valid causes of pathological atrophy - reduction in cell size and organ mass. --- ### **Question 6** The following are functions of cellular adaptations EXCEPT: - a) Phagocytosis - b) Antigen processing - c) Secretion of inflammatory substances - d) Lysis - e) None of the above **Answer: e) None of the above****Explanation:** All listed functions can be part of cellular adaptations. Cells can adapt to perform various functions including phagocytosis, antigen processing, secretion, and lysis in response to environmental changes. --- ### **Question 7** Mechanisms of cell injury include all EXCEPT: - a) Damaged mitochondrial functions - b) Leaky cell membrane - c) Normal protein synthesis - d) Deranged calcium homeostasis - e) Leakage of lysosomal enzymes **Answer: c) Normal protein synthesis****Explanation:** Normal protein synthesis is a sign of cellular health, not injury. Cell injury involves mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dysregulation, and lysosomal enzyme leakage. --- ### **Question 8** A tuberculous granuloma is comprised of: - a) Fibroblasts and capillaries - b) Capillaries and giant cells - c) Endothelial cells and neutrophils - d) Young capillaries - e) Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes **Answer: e) Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes****Explanation:** Tuberculous granulomas are characterized by central caseating necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, and a peripheral layer of lymphocytes and plasma cells. --- ### **Question 9** Events surrounding chronic inflammation include all EXCEPT: - a) Infiltration with macrophages - b) Angiogenesis - c) Attempts at repair - d) Tissue destruction - e) Infiltration with neutrophils **Answer: e) Infiltration with neutrophils****Explanation:** Neutrophil infiltration is characteristic of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation is characterized by macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, repair attempts, and tissue destruction. --- ### **Question 10** The heart and kidneys are prone to this type of cellular adaptation: - a) Dysplasia - b) Hyperplasia - c) Hypertrophy - d) Atrophy - e) Anaplasia **Answer: c) Hypertrophy****Explanation:** Heart and kidney cells are primarily post-mitotic, so they respond to increased workload by increasing cell size (hypertrophy) rather than cell number (hyperplasia). --- ### **Question 11** Low albumin results in: - a) Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure - b) Decreased colloid osmo