Pathology Continuous Assessment July 2021
Pathology Continuous Assessment July 2021 - OMPATH
## Pathology Continuous Assessment July 2021
## SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
### Question 1
**Malignant neoplasms** show all the following features EXCEPT:
a) Disorganized cell structure
b) Encapsulation
c) Invasion of local and distant tissues
d) Rapid, erratic growth
**Answer: b) Encapsulation**
### Question 2
ONE of the following cells have LEAST capacity for **regeneration**:
a) Cardiac muscle
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Neuronal cells
d) Liver cells
**Answer: c) Neuronal cells**
### Question 3
The following are **mediators of inflammation** EXCEPT:
a) Interferons
b) Prostaglandins
c) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
d) Myeloperoxidase enzyme
**Answer: d) Myeloperoxidase enzyme**
### Question 4
**Metaplasia** refers to:
a) Irregular, atypical proliferative changes in epithelial or mesenchymal cells
b) Loss of cell substance producing shrinkage of the cells
c) Replacement of one type of adult cell by another type of adult cell
d) None of the above
**Answer: c) Replacement of one type of adult cell by another type of adult cell**
### Question 5
**Metastatic calcification** is associated with:
a) Dead or dying tissues
b) Atherosclerosis
c) Abnormal calcium metabolism
d) Damaged heart valves
**Answer: c) Abnormal calcium metabolism**
### Question 6
Which of these is an **endogenous pigment**:
a) Melanin
b) Coal
c) Tattooing
d) Lipid
**Answer: a) Melanin**
### Question 7
**Phagocytes** include the following EXCEPT:
a) Neutrophils
b) Macrophages
c) Osteoclasts
d) Lymphocytes
**Answer: d) Lymphocytes**
### Question 8
Which of these is the commonest cause of **infectious granulomas**:
a) Tuberculosis
b) Fungal infections
c) Viral infections
d) Toxins
**Answer: a) Tuberculosis**
### Question 9
The most common **fixative** used to preserve tissue in **histopathology** is:
a) 10% Formalin
b) Ethylene Glycol
c) Haematoxylin
d) 95% Ethanol
**Answer: a) 10% Formalin**
### Question 10
The following are **oncogenic viruses** in humans EXCEPT:
a) Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
b) Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
c) Hepatitis B virus
d) Polio Virus
**Answer: d) Polio Virus**
### Question 11
**RB gene**, 'the guardian of the genome' regulates the cell cycle at:
a) G1/S Checkpoint
b) G2 Checkpoint
c) G0 restriction checkpoint
d) Intra-S Checkpoint
**Answer: a) G1/S Checkpoint**
### Question 12
**TP53** is regulated and scavenged after completing its action by:
a) CDKN1A
b) MDM2
c) RAS
d) E6
**Answer: b) MDM2**
### Question 13
Mutations in the **TGF-Beta signaling pathway** involving **SMAD molecules** usually result in the following type of cancer:
a) Colon Cancer
b) Stomach Cancer
c) Lung Cancer
d) Pancreatic cancer
**Answer: d) Pancreatic cancer**
### Question 14
The most commonly mutated **oncoprotein** in all tumors and a key participant in abnormal signal transduction pathways is:
a) APC
b) TP53
c) BRAF
d) RAS
**Answer: d) RAS**
### Question 15
The '**Warburg**' effect in tumor cellular metabolism refers to:
a) Oxidative phosphorylation in tumor cells
b) Aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells
c) Mutations and defects in enzymes that regulate the Krebs cycle
d) Defective Mitochondrial ATP synthesis
**Answer: b) Aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells**
### Question 16
A **Granuloma** is comprised of:
a) Fibroblasts and capillaries
b) Capillaries and giant cells
c) Endothelial cells and neutrophils
d) Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes
**Answer: d) Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes**
### Question 17
During **autopsy** ONE of the following is NOT the role of the medical officer:
a) Identify the decedent
b) Ascertain the cause of death
c) Document evidence
d) Request for autopsy
**Answer: d) Request for autopsy**
### Question 18
The **postmortem interval** can be estimated using the below EXCEPT:
a) Rigor Mortis
b) Algor Mortis
c) Mummification
d) Cadaveric spasms
**Answer: d) Cadaveric spasms**
### Question 19
**Exhumation** of human remains may ONLY proceed on the authority of:
a) Valid Court Orders
b) The National Police Service
c) The Chief Government Pathologist
d) The Medical Superintendent
**Answer: a) Valid Court Orders**
### Question 20
The following are **chemical mediators of acute inflammation** EXCEPT:
a) Leukotrienes
b) Complement proteins
c) Interleukins
d) Hormones
**Answer: d) Hormones**
### Question 21
The characteristic cells of **chronic inflammation** are all EXCEPT:
a) Plasma cells
b) Macrophages
c) Lymphocytes
d) Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMNs)
**Answer: d) Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMNs)**
### Question 22
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the **pathologic assessment of tumours**:
a) **Grading** is the degree of macroscopic and microscopic differentiation
b) **Staging** is the extent of spread of tumours
c) **TNM** and **AJCC systems** can be used for staging malignant tumours
d) All of the above
**Answer: d) All of the above**
### Question 23
Complications of **cutaneous wound healing** include ONE of the following:
a) Wound dehiscence
b) Ulceration